Download Copernicus ERA5 Data from Google Cloud

The AWS bucket is currently off-line, but rumor is it will come back. In the meantime, the data are also on Google Cloud

In this notebook, we will download Copernicus ERA5 Data from a public Google Cloud bucket. Copernicus ERA5 is one of the most well-known reanalysis datasets on modern climate, providing a numerical assessment of the modern climate. The data are provided as an analysis ready (re-gridded) data set. repo on the data. The data.

Variables

There are many variables available; see full list below. For the Indian Ocean Zarr dataset, we collect air temperature at 2m (2m_temperature), sea surface temperature (sea_surface_temperature), total precipitation (total_precipitation), direct solar radiation (total_sky_direct_solar_radiation_at_surface), total thermal radiation (surface_net_solar_radiation) and u and v wind components (10m_u_component_of_wind and 10m_v_component_of_wind). The latter two are used to compute speed and direction later. In addition, we will process the winds into 3 time periods of the day: 0-8 UTC, 9-16 UTC, and 17-24 UTC. This is the capture the dirunal nature of the winds.

iovars = {'2m_temperature', 'sea_surface_temperature', 'total_precipitation', 'total_sky_direct_solar_radiation_at_surface', 'surface_net_solar_radiation', '10m_u_component_of_wind', '10m_v_component_of_wind'}

Install necessary libraries

import datetime
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import os
import xarray as xr
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import sys
# you don't need to import gcsfs but need to have it installed

Examine the dataset

This will be fast because we are only loading metadata. It is petabytes of data so we will not load the whole data set into memory.

ds = xr.open_zarr(
    'gs://gcp-public-data-arco-era5/ar/full_37-1h-0p25deg-chunk-1.zarr-v3',
    chunks=None,
    storage_options=dict(token='anon'),
)

This is hourly data.

ds

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 3PB
Dimensions:                                                          (
                                                                      time: 1089864,
                                                                      latitude: 721,
                                                                      longitude: 1440,
                                                                      level: 37)
Coordinates:
  * latitude                                                         (latitude) float32 3kB ...
  * level                                                            (level) int64 296B ...
  * longitude                                                        (longitude) float32 6kB ...
  * time                                                             (time) datetime64[ns] 9MB ...
Data variables: (12/273)
    100m_u_component_of_wind                                         (time, latitude, longitude) float32 5TB ...
    100m_v_component_of_wind                                         (time, latitude, longitude) float32 5TB ...
    10m_u_component_of_neutral_wind                                  (time, latitude, longitude) float32 5TB ...
    10m_u_component_of_wind                                          (time, latitude, longitude) float32 5TB ...
    10m_v_component_of_neutral_wind                                  (time, latitude, longitude) float32 5TB ...
    10m_v_component_of_wind                                          (time, latitude, longitude) float32 5TB ...
    ...                                                               ...
    wave_spectral_directional_width_for_swell                        (time, latitude, longitude) float32 5TB ...
    wave_spectral_directional_width_for_wind_waves                   (time, latitude, longitude) float32 5TB ...
    wave_spectral_kurtosis                                           (time, latitude, longitude) float32 5TB ...
    wave_spectral_peakedness                                         (time, latitude, longitude) float32 5TB ...
    wave_spectral_skewness                                           (time, latitude, longitude) float32 5TB ...
    zero_degree_level                                                (time, latitude, longitude) float32 5TB ...

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • time: 1089864
  • latitude: 721
  • longitude: 1440
  • level: 37
• Coordinates: (4)
  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float32
    90.0 89.75 89.5 ... -89.75 -90.0

    long_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    array([ 90.  ,  89.75,  89.5 , ..., -89.5 , -89.75, -90.  ], dtype=float32)

  • level
    (level)
    int64
    1 2 3 5 7 ... 900 925 950 975 1000

    array([   1,    2,    3,    5,    7,   10,   20,   30,   50,   70,  100,  125,
            150,  175,  200,  225,  250,  300,  350,  400,  450,  500,  550,  600,
            650,  700,  750,  775,  800,  825,  850,  875,  900,  925,  950,  975,
           1000])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float32
    0.0 0.25 0.5 ... 359.2 359.5 359.8

    long_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    array([0.0000e+00, 2.5000e-01, 5.0000e-01, ..., 3.5925e+02, 3.5950e+02,
           3.5975e+02], dtype=float32)

  • time
    (time)
    datetime64[ns]
    1900-01-01 ... 2024-04-30T23:00:00

    array(['1900-01-01T00:00:00.000000000', '1900-01-01T01:00:00.000000000',
           '1900-01-01T02:00:00.000000000', ..., '2024-04-30T21:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-04-30T22:00:00.000000000', '2024-04-30T23:00:00.000000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[ns]')

• Data variables: (273)
  • 100m_u_component_of_wind
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    100 metre U wind component

    short_name :

    u100

    units :

    m s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • 100m_v_component_of_wind
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    100 metre V wind component

    short_name :

    v100

    units :

    m s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • 10m_u_component_of_neutral_wind
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Neutral wind at 10 m u-component

    short_name :

    u10n

    units :

    m s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • 10m_u_component_of_wind
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    10 metre U wind component

    short_name :

    u10

    units :

    m s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • 10m_v_component_of_neutral_wind
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Neutral wind at 10 m v-component

    short_name :

    v10n

    units :

    m s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • 10m_v_component_of_wind
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    10 metre V wind component

    short_name :

    v10

    units :

    m s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • 10m_wind_gust_since_previous_post_processing
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    10 metre wind gust since previous post-processing

    short_name :

    fg10

    units :

    m s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • 2m_dewpoint_temperature
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    2 metre dewpoint temperature

    short_name :

    d2m

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • 2m_temperature
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    2 metre temperature

    short_name :

    t2m

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • air_density_over_the_oceans
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Air density over the oceans

    short_name :

    p140209

    units :

    kg m**-3

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • angle_of_sub_gridscale_orography
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Angle of sub-gridscale orography

    short_name :

    anor

    units :

    radians

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • anisotropy_of_sub_gridscale_orography
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Anisotropy of sub-gridscale orography

    short_name :

    isor

    units :

    ~

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • benjamin_feir_index
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Benjamin-Feir index

    short_name :

    bfi

    units :

    dimensionless

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • boundary_layer_dissipation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Boundary layer dissipation

    short_name :

    bld

    standard_name :

    kinetic_energy_dissipation_in_atmosphere_boundary_layer

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • boundary_layer_height
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Boundary layer height

    short_name :

    blh

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • charnock
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Charnock

    short_name :

    chnk

    units :

    ~

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • clear_sky_direct_solar_radiation_at_surface
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Clear-sky direct solar radiation at surface

    short_name :

    cdir

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • cloud_base_height
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Cloud base height

    short_name :

    cbh

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • coefficient_of_drag_with_waves
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Coefficient of drag with waves

    short_name :

    cdww

    units :

    dimensionless

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • convective_available_potential_energy
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Convective available potential energy

    short_name :

    cape

    units :

    J kg**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • convective_inhibition
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Convective inhibition

    short_name :

    cin

    units :

    J kg**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • convective_precipitation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Convective precipitation

    short_name :

    cp

    standard_name :

    lwe_thickness_of_convective_precipitation_amount

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • convective_rain_rate
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Convective rain rate

    short_name :

    crr

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • convective_snowfall
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Convective snowfall

    short_name :

    csf

    units :

    m of water equivalent

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • convective_snowfall_rate_water_equivalent
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Convective snowfall rate water equivalent

    short_name :

    csfr

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • downward_uv_radiation_at_the_surface
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Downward UV radiation at the surface

    short_name :

    uvb

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • duct_base_height
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Duct base height

    short_name :

    dctb

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • eastward_gravity_wave_surface_stress
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Eastward gravity wave surface stress

    short_name :

    lgws

    units :

    N m**-2 s

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • eastward_turbulent_surface_stress
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Eastward turbulent surface stress

    short_name :

    ewss

    standard_name :

    surface_downward_eastward_stress

    units :

    N m**-2 s

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • evaporation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Evaporation

    short_name :

    e

    standard_name :

    lwe_thickness_of_water_evaporation_amount

    units :

    m of water equivalent

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • forecast_albedo
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Forecast albedo

    short_name :

    fal

    units :

    (0 - 1)

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • forecast_logarithm_of_surface_roughness_for_heat
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Forecast logarithm of surface roughness for heat

    short_name :

    flsr

    units :

    ~

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • forecast_surface_roughness
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Forecast surface roughness

    short_name :

    fsr

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • fraction_of_cloud_cover
    (time, level, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Fraction of cloud cover

    short_name :

    cc

    units :

    (0 - 1)

    [41866994776320 values with dtype=float32]

  • free_convective_velocity_over_the_oceans
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Free convective velocity over the oceans

    short_name :

    p140208

    units :

    m s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • friction_velocity
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Friction velocity

    short_name :

    zust

    units :

    m s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • geopotential
    (time, level, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Geopotential

    short_name :

    z

    standard_name :

    geopotential

    units :

    m**2 s**-2

    [41866994776320 values with dtype=float32]

  • geopotential_at_surface
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Geopotential

    short_name :

    z

    standard_name :

    geopotential

    units :

    m**2 s**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • gravity_wave_dissipation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Gravity wave dissipation

    short_name :

    gwd

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • high_cloud_cover
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    High cloud cover

    short_name :

    hcc

    units :

    (0 - 1)

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • high_vegetation_cover
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    High vegetation cover

    short_name :

    cvh

    units :

    (0 - 1)

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • ice_temperature_layer_1
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Ice temperature layer 1

    short_name :

    istl1

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • ice_temperature_layer_2
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Ice temperature layer 2

    short_name :

    istl2

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • ice_temperature_layer_3
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Ice temperature layer 3

    short_name :

    istl3

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • ice_temperature_layer_4
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Ice temperature layer 4

    short_name :

    istl4

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • instantaneous_10m_wind_gust
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Instantaneous 10 metre wind gust

    short_name :

    i10fg

    units :

    m s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • instantaneous_eastward_turbulent_surface_stress
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Instantaneous eastward turbulent surface stress

    short_name :

    iews

    units :

    N m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • instantaneous_large_scale_surface_precipitation_fraction
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Instantaneous large-scale surface precipitation fraction

    short_name :

    ilspf

    units :

    (0 - 1)

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • instantaneous_moisture_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Instantaneous moisture flux

    short_name :

    ie

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • instantaneous_northward_turbulent_surface_stress
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Instantaneous northward turbulent surface stress

    short_name :

    inss

    units :

    N m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • instantaneous_surface_sensible_heat_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Instantaneous surface sensible heat flux

    short_name :

    ishf

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • k_index
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    K index

    short_name :

    kx

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • lake_bottom_temperature
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Lake bottom temperature

    short_name :

    lblt

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • lake_cover
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Lake cover

    short_name :

    cl

    units :

    (0 - 1)

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • lake_depth
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Lake total depth

    short_name :

    dl

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • lake_ice_depth
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Lake ice total depth

    short_name :

    licd

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • lake_ice_temperature
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Lake ice surface temperature

    short_name :

    lict

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • lake_mix_layer_depth
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Lake mix-layer depth

    short_name :

    lmld

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • lake_mix_layer_temperature
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Lake mix-layer temperature

    short_name :

    lmlt

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • lake_shape_factor
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Lake shape factor

    short_name :

    lshf

    units :

    dimensionless

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • lake_total_layer_temperature
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Lake total layer temperature

    short_name :

    ltlt

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • land_sea_mask
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Land-sea mask

    short_name :

    lsm

    standard_name :

    land_binary_mask

    units :

    (0 - 1)

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • large_scale_precipitation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Large-scale precipitation

    short_name :

    lsp

    standard_name :

    lwe_thickness_of_stratiform_precipitation_amount

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • large_scale_precipitation_fraction
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Large-scale precipitation fraction

    short_name :

    lspf

    units :

    s

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • large_scale_rain_rate
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Large scale rain rate

    short_name :

    lsrr

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • large_scale_snowfall
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Large-scale snowfall

    short_name :

    lsf

    units :

    m of water equivalent

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • large_scale_snowfall_rate_water_equivalent
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Large scale snowfall rate water equivalent

    short_name :

    lssfr

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • leaf_area_index_high_vegetation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Leaf area index, high vegetation

    short_name :

    lai_hv

    units :

    m**2 m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • leaf_area_index_low_vegetation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Leaf area index, low vegetation

    short_name :

    lai_lv

    units :

    m**2 m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • low_cloud_cover
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Low cloud cover

    short_name :

    lcc

    units :

    (0 - 1)

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • low_vegetation_cover
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Low vegetation cover

    short_name :

    cvl

    units :

    (0 - 1)

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • maximum_2m_temperature_since_previous_post_processing
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Maximum temperature at 2 metres since previous post-processing

    short_name :

    mx2t

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • maximum_individual_wave_height
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Maximum individual wave height

    short_name :

    hmax

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • maximum_total_precipitation_rate_since_previous_post_processing
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Maximum total precipitation rate since previous post-processing

    short_name :

    mxtpr

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_boundary_layer_dissipation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean boundary layer dissipation

    short_name :

    mbld

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_convective_precipitation_rate
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean convective precipitation rate

    short_name :

    mcpr

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_convective_snowfall_rate
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean convective snowfall rate

    short_name :

    mcsr

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_direction_of_total_swell
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean direction of total swell

    short_name :

    mdts

    units :

    degrees

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_direction_of_wind_waves
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean direction of wind waves

    short_name :

    mdww

    units :

    degrees

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_eastward_gravity_wave_surface_stress
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean eastward gravity wave surface stress

    short_name :

    megwss

    units :

    N m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_eastward_turbulent_surface_stress
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean eastward turbulent surface stress

    short_name :

    metss

    units :

    N m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_evaporation_rate
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean evaporation rate

    short_name :

    mer

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_gravity_wave_dissipation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean gravity wave dissipation

    short_name :

    mgwd

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_large_scale_precipitation_fraction
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean large-scale precipitation fraction

    short_name :

    mlspf

    units :

    Proportion

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_large_scale_precipitation_rate
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean large-scale precipitation rate

    short_name :

    mlspr

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_large_scale_snowfall_rate
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean large-scale snowfall rate

    short_name :

    mlssr

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_northward_gravity_wave_surface_stress
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean northward gravity wave surface stress

    short_name :

    mngwss

    units :

    N m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_northward_turbulent_surface_stress
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean northward turbulent surface stress

    short_name :

    mntss

    units :

    N m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_period_of_total_swell
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean period of total swell

    short_name :

    mpts

    units :

    s

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_period_of_wind_waves
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean period of wind waves

    short_name :

    mpww

    units :

    s

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_potential_evaporation_rate
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean potential evaporation rate

    short_name :

    mper

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_runoff_rate
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean runoff rate

    short_name :

    mror

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_sea_level_pressure
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean sea level pressure

    short_name :

    msl

    standard_name :

    air_pressure_at_mean_sea_level

    units :

    Pa

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_snow_evaporation_rate
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean snow evaporation rate

    short_name :

    mser

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_snowfall_rate
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean snowfall rate

    short_name :

    msr

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_snowmelt_rate
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean snowmelt rate

    short_name :

    msmr

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_square_slope_of_waves
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean square slope of waves

    short_name :

    msqs

    units :

    dimensionless

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_sub_surface_runoff_rate
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean sub-surface runoff rate

    short_name :

    mssror

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_surface_direct_short_wave_radiation_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean surface direct short-wave radiation flux

    short_name :

    msdrswrf

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_surface_direct_short_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean surface direct short-wave radiation flux, clear sky

    short_name :

    msdrswrfcs

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_surface_downward_long_wave_radiation_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean surface downward long-wave radiation flux

    short_name :

    msdwlwrf

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_surface_downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean surface downward long-wave radiation flux, clear sky

    short_name :

    msdwlwrfcs

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_surface_downward_short_wave_radiation_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean surface downward short-wave radiation flux

    short_name :

    msdwswrf

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_surface_downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean surface downward short-wave radiation flux, clear sky

    short_name :

    msdwswrfcs

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_surface_downward_uv_radiation_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean surface downward UV radiation flux

    short_name :

    msdwuvrf

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_surface_latent_heat_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean surface latent heat flux

    short_name :

    mslhf

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_surface_net_long_wave_radiation_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean surface net long-wave radiation flux

    short_name :

    msnlwrf

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_surface_net_long_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean surface net long-wave radiation flux, clear sky

    short_name :

    msnlwrfcs

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_surface_net_short_wave_radiation_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean surface net short-wave radiation flux

    short_name :

    msnswrf

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_surface_net_short_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean surface net short-wave radiation flux, clear sky

    short_name :

    msnswrfcs

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_surface_runoff_rate
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean surface runoff rate

    short_name :

    msror

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_surface_sensible_heat_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean surface sensible heat flux

    short_name :

    msshf

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_top_downward_short_wave_radiation_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean top downward short-wave radiation flux

    short_name :

    mtdwswrf

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_top_net_long_wave_radiation_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean top net long-wave radiation flux

    short_name :

    mtnlwrf

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_top_net_long_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean top net long-wave radiation flux, clear sky

    short_name :

    mtnlwrfcs

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_top_net_short_wave_radiation_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean top net short-wave radiation flux

    short_name :

    mtnswrf

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_top_net_short_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean top net short-wave radiation flux, clear sky

    short_name :

    mtnswrfcs

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_total_precipitation_rate
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean total precipitation rate

    short_name :

    mtpr

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_vertical_gradient_of_refractivity_inside_trapping_layer
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean vertical gradient of refractivity inside trapping layer

    short_name :

    dndza

    units :

    m**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_vertically_integrated_moisture_divergence
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean vertically integrated moisture divergence

    short_name :

    mvimd

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_wave_direction
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean wave direction

    short_name :

    mwd

    units :

    Degree true

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_wave_direction_of_first_swell_partition
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean wave direction of first swell partition

    short_name :

    p140122

    units :

    degrees

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_wave_direction_of_second_swell_partition
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean wave direction of second swell partition

    short_name :

    p140125

    units :

    degrees

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_wave_direction_of_third_swell_partition
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean wave direction of third swell partition

    short_name :

    p140128

    units :

    degrees

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_wave_period
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean wave period

    short_name :

    mwp

    units :

    s

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_wave_period_based_on_first_moment
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean wave period based on first moment

    short_name :

    mp1

    units :

    s

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_wave_period_based_on_first_moment_for_swell
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean wave period based on first moment for swell

    short_name :

    p1ps

    units :

    s

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_wave_period_based_on_first_moment_for_wind_waves
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean wave period based on first moment for wind waves

    short_name :

    p1ww

    units :

    s

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_wave_period_based_on_second_moment_for_swell
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean wave period based on second moment for swell

    short_name :

    p2ps

    units :

    s

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_wave_period_based_on_second_moment_for_wind_waves
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean wave period based on second moment for wind waves

    short_name :

    p2ww

    units :

    s

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_wave_period_of_first_swell_partition
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean wave period of first swell partition

    short_name :

    p140123

    units :

    s

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_wave_period_of_second_swell_partition
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean wave period of second swell partition

    short_name :

    p140126

    units :

    s

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_wave_period_of_third_swell_partition
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean wave period of third swell partition

    short_name :

    p140129

    units :

    s

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • mean_zero_crossing_wave_period
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Mean zero-crossing wave period

    short_name :

    mp2

    units :

    s

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • medium_cloud_cover
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Medium cloud cover

    short_name :

    mcc

    units :

    (0 - 1)

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • minimum_2m_temperature_since_previous_post_processing
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Minimum temperature at 2 metres since previous post-processing

    short_name :

    mn2t

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • minimum_total_precipitation_rate_since_previous_post_processing
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Minimum total precipitation rate since previous post-processing

    short_name :

    mntpr

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • minimum_vertical_gradient_of_refractivity_inside_trapping_layer
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Minimum vertical gradient of refractivity inside trapping layer

    short_name :

    dndzn

    units :

    m**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • model_bathymetry
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Model bathymetry

    short_name :

    wmb

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • near_ir_albedo_for_diffuse_radiation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Near IR albedo for diffuse radiation

    short_name :

    alnid

    units :

    (0 - 1)

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • near_ir_albedo_for_direct_radiation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Near IR albedo for direct radiation

    short_name :

    alnip

    units :

    (0 - 1)

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • normalized_energy_flux_into_ocean
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Normalized energy flux into ocean

    short_name :

    phioc

    units :

    dimensionless

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • normalized_energy_flux_into_waves
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Normalized energy flux into waves

    short_name :

    phiaw

    units :

    dimensionless

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • normalized_stress_into_ocean
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Normalized stress into ocean

    short_name :

    tauoc

    units :

    dimensionless

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • northward_gravity_wave_surface_stress
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Northward gravity wave surface stress

    short_name :

    mgws

    units :

    N m**-2 s

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • northward_turbulent_surface_stress
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Northward turbulent surface stress

    short_name :

    nsss

    standard_name :

    surface_downward_northward_stress

    units :

    N m**-2 s

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • ocean_surface_stress_equivalent_10m_neutral_wind_direction
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    10 metre wind direction

    short_name :

    dwi

    units :

    degrees

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • ocean_surface_stress_equivalent_10m_neutral_wind_speed
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    10 metre wind speed

    short_name :

    wind

    units :

    m s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • ozone_mass_mixing_ratio
    (time, level, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Ozone mass mixing ratio

    short_name :

    o3

    standard_name :

    mass_fraction_of_ozone_in_air

    units :

    kg kg**-1

    [41866994776320 values with dtype=float32]

  • peak_wave_period
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Peak wave period

    short_name :

    pp1d

    units :

    s

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • period_corresponding_to_maximum_individual_wave_height
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Period corresponding to maximum individual wave height

    short_name :

    tmax

    units :

    s

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • potential_evaporation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Potential evaporation

    short_name :

    pev

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • potential_vorticity
    (time, level, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Potential vorticity

    short_name :

    pv

    units :

    K m**2 kg**-1 s**-1

    [41866994776320 values with dtype=float32]

  • precipitation_type
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Precipitation type

    short_name :

    ptype

    units :

    code table (4.201)

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • runoff
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Runoff

    short_name :

    ro

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • sea_ice_cover
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Sea ice area fraction

    short_name :

    siconc

    standard_name :

    sea_ice_area_fraction

    units :

    (0 - 1)

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • sea_surface_temperature
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Sea surface temperature

    short_name :

    sst

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • significant_height_of_combined_wind_waves_and_swell
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Significant height of combined wind waves and swell

    short_name :

    swh

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • significant_height_of_total_swell
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Significant height of total swell

    short_name :

    shts

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • significant_height_of_wind_waves
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Significant height of wind waves

    short_name :

    shww

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • significant_wave_height_of_first_swell_partition
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Significant wave height of first swell partition

    short_name :

    p140121

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • significant_wave_height_of_second_swell_partition
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Significant wave height of second swell partition

    short_name :

    p140124

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • significant_wave_height_of_third_swell_partition
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Significant wave height of third swell partition

    short_name :

    p140127

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • skin_reservoir_content
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Skin reservoir content

    short_name :

    src

    units :

    m of water equivalent

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • skin_temperature
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Skin temperature

    short_name :

    skt

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • slope_of_sub_gridscale_orography
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Slope of sub-gridscale orography

    short_name :

    slor

    units :

    ~

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • snow_albedo
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Snow albedo

    short_name :

    asn

    units :

    (0 - 1)

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • snow_density
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Snow density

    short_name :

    rsn

    units :

    kg m**-3

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • snow_depth
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Snow depth

    short_name :

    sd

    standard_name :

    lwe_thickness_of_surface_snow_amount

    units :

    m of water equivalent

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • snow_evaporation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Snow evaporation

    short_name :

    es

    units :

    m of water equivalent

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • snowfall
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Snowfall

    short_name :

    sf

    standard_name :

    lwe_thickness_of_snowfall_amount

    units :

    m of water equivalent

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • snowmelt
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Snowmelt

    short_name :

    smlt

    units :

    m of water equivalent

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • soil_temperature_level_1
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Soil temperature level 1

    short_name :

    stl1

    standard_name :

    surface_temperature

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • soil_temperature_level_2
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Soil temperature level 2

    short_name :

    stl2

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • soil_temperature_level_3
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Soil temperature level 3

    short_name :

    stl3

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • soil_temperature_level_4
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Soil temperature level 4

    short_name :

    stl4

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • soil_type
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Soil type

    short_name :

    slt

    units :

    ~

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • specific_cloud_ice_water_content
    (time, level, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Specific cloud ice water content

    short_name :

    ciwc

    units :

    kg kg**-1

    [41866994776320 values with dtype=float32]

  • specific_cloud_liquid_water_content
    (time, level, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Specific cloud liquid water content

    short_name :

    clwc

    units :

    kg kg**-1

    [41866994776320 values with dtype=float32]

  • specific_humidity
    (time, level, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Specific humidity

    short_name :

    q

    standard_name :

    specific_humidity

    units :

    kg kg**-1

    [41866994776320 values with dtype=float32]

  • standard_deviation_of_filtered_subgrid_orography
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Standard deviation of filtered subgrid orography

    short_name :

    sdfor

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • standard_deviation_of_orography
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Standard deviation of orography

    short_name :

    sdor

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • sub_surface_runoff
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Sub-surface runoff

    short_name :

    ssro

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • surface_latent_heat_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Surface latent heat flux

    short_name :

    slhf

    standard_name :

    surface_upward_latent_heat_flux

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • surface_net_solar_radiation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Surface net solar radiation

    short_name :

    ssr

    standard_name :

    surface_net_downward_shortwave_flux

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • surface_net_solar_radiation_clear_sky
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Surface net solar radiation, clear sky

    short_name :

    ssrc

    standard_name :

    surface_net_downward_shortwave_flux_assuming_clear_sky

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • surface_net_thermal_radiation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Surface net thermal radiation

    short_name :

    str

    standard_name :

    surface_net_upward_longwave_flux

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • surface_net_thermal_radiation_clear_sky
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Surface net thermal radiation, clear sky

    short_name :

    strc

    standard_name :

    surface_net_downward_longwave_flux_assuming_clear_sky

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • surface_pressure
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Surface pressure

    short_name :

    sp

    standard_name :

    surface_air_pressure

    units :

    Pa

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • surface_runoff
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Surface runoff

    short_name :

    sro

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • surface_sensible_heat_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Surface sensible heat flux

    short_name :

    sshf

    standard_name :

    surface_upward_sensible_heat_flux

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • surface_solar_radiation_downward_clear_sky
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Surface solar radiation downward clear-sky

    short_name :

    ssrdc

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • surface_solar_radiation_downwards
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Surface solar radiation downwards

    short_name :

    ssrd

    standard_name :

    surface_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • surface_thermal_radiation_downward_clear_sky
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Surface thermal radiation downward clear-sky

    short_name :

    strdc

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • surface_thermal_radiation_downwards
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Surface thermal radiation downwards

    short_name :

    strd

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • temperature
    (time, level, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Temperature

    short_name :

    t

    standard_name :

    air_temperature

    units :

    K

    [41866994776320 values with dtype=float32]

  • temperature_of_snow_layer
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Temperature of snow layer

    short_name :

    tsn

    standard_name :

    temperature_in_surface_snow

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • toa_incident_solar_radiation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    TOA incident solar radiation

    short_name :

    tisr

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • top_net_solar_radiation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Top net solar radiation

    short_name :

    tsr

    standard_name :

    toa_net_upward_shortwave_flux

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • top_net_solar_radiation_clear_sky
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Top net solar radiation, clear sky

    short_name :

    tsrc

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • top_net_thermal_radiation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Top net thermal radiation

    short_name :

    ttr

    standard_name :

    toa_outgoing_longwave_flux

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • top_net_thermal_radiation_clear_sky
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Top net thermal radiation, clear sky

    short_name :

    ttrc

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • total_cloud_cover
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Total cloud cover

    short_name :

    tcc

    standard_name :

    cloud_area_fraction

    units :

    (0 - 1)

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • total_column_cloud_ice_water
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Total column cloud ice water

    short_name :

    tciw

    units :

    kg m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • total_column_cloud_liquid_water
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Total column cloud liquid water

    short_name :

    tclw

    units :

    kg m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • total_column_ozone
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Total column ozone

    short_name :

    tco3

    standard_name :

    atmosphere_mass_content_of_ozone

    units :

    kg m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • total_column_rain_water
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Total column rain water

    short_name :

    tcrw

    units :

    kg m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • total_column_snow_water
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Total column snow water

    short_name :

    tcsw

    units :

    kg m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • total_column_supercooled_liquid_water
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Total column supercooled liquid water

    short_name :

    tcslw

    units :

    kg m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • total_column_water
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Total column water

    short_name :

    tcw

    units :

    kg m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • total_column_water_vapour
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Total column vertically-integrated water vapour

    short_name :

    tcwv

    standard_name :

    lwe_thickness_of_atmosphere_mass_content_of_water_vapor

    units :

    kg m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • total_precipitation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Total precipitation

    short_name :

    tp

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • total_sky_direct_solar_radiation_at_surface
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Total sky direct solar radiation at surface

    short_name :

    fdir

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • total_totals_index
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Total totals index

    short_name :

    totalx

    units :

    K

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • trapping_layer_base_height
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Trapping layer base height

    short_name :

    tplb

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • trapping_layer_top_height
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Trapping layer top height

    short_name :

    tplt

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • type_of_high_vegetation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Type of high vegetation

    short_name :

    tvh

    units :

    ~

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • type_of_low_vegetation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Type of low vegetation

    short_name :

    tvl

    units :

    ~

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • u_component_of_wind
    (time, level, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    U component of wind

    short_name :

    u

    standard_name :

    eastward_wind

    units :

    m s**-1

    [41866994776320 values with dtype=float32]

  • u_component_stokes_drift
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    U-component stokes drift

    short_name :

    ust

    units :

    m s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • uv_visible_albedo_for_diffuse_radiation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    UV visible albedo for diffuse radiation

    short_name :

    aluvd

    units :

    (0 - 1)

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • uv_visible_albedo_for_direct_radiation
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    UV visible albedo for direct radiation

    short_name :

    aluvp

    units :

    (0 - 1)

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • v_component_of_wind
    (time, level, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    V component of wind

    short_name :

    v

    standard_name :

    northward_wind

    units :

    m s**-1

    [41866994776320 values with dtype=float32]

  • v_component_stokes_drift
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    V-component stokes drift

    short_name :

    vst

    units :

    m s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_cloud_frozen_water_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of divergence of cloud frozen water flux

    short_name :

    p80.162

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_cloud_liquid_water_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of divergence of cloud liquid water flux

    short_name :

    p79.162

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_geopotential_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of divergence of geopotential flux

    short_name :

    p85.162

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_kinetic_energy_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of divergence of kinetic energy flux

    short_name :

    p82.162

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_mass_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of divergence of mass flux

    short_name :

    p81.162

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_moisture_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of divergence of moisture flux

    short_name :

    p84.162

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_ozone_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of divergence of ozone flux

    short_name :

    p87.162

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_thermal_energy_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of divergence of thermal energy flux

    short_name :

    p83.162

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_total_energy_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of divergence of total energy flux

    short_name :

    p86.162

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_eastward_cloud_frozen_water_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of eastward cloud frozen water flux

    short_name :

    p90.162

    units :

    kg m**-1 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_eastward_cloud_liquid_water_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of eastward cloud liquid water flux

    short_name :

    p88.162

    units :

    kg m**-1 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_eastward_geopotential_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of eastward geopotential flux

    short_name :

    p73.162

    units :

    W m**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_eastward_heat_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of eastward heat flux

    short_name :

    p69.162

    units :

    W m**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_eastward_kinetic_energy_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of eastward kinetic energy flux

    short_name :

    p67.162

    units :

    W m**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_eastward_mass_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of eastward mass flux

    short_name :

    p65.162

    units :

    kg m**-1 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_eastward_ozone_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of eastward ozone flux

    short_name :

    p77.162

    units :

    kg m**-1 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_eastward_total_energy_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of eastward total energy flux

    short_name :

    p75.162

    units :

    W m**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_eastward_water_vapour_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of eastward water vapour flux

    short_name :

    p71.162

    units :

    kg m**-1 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_energy_conversion
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of energy conversion

    short_name :

    p64.162

    units :

    W m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_kinetic_energy
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of kinetic energy

    short_name :

    p59.162

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_mass_of_atmosphere
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of mass of atmosphere

    short_name :

    p53.162

    units :

    kg m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_mass_tendency
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of mass tendency

    short_name :

    p92.162

    units :

    kg m**-2 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_northward_cloud_frozen_water_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of northward cloud frozen water flux

    short_name :

    p91.162

    units :

    kg m**-1 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_northward_cloud_liquid_water_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of northward cloud liquid water flux

    short_name :

    p89.162

    units :

    kg m**-1 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_northward_geopotential_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of northward geopotential flux

    short_name :

    p74.162

    units :

    W m**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_northward_heat_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of northward heat flux

    short_name :

    p70.162

    units :

    W m**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_northward_kinetic_energy_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of northward kinetic energy flux

    short_name :

    p68.162

    units :

    W m**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_northward_mass_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of northward mass flux

    short_name :

    p66.162

    units :

    kg m**-1 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_northward_ozone_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of northward ozone flux

    short_name :

    p78.162

    units :

    kg m**-1 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_northward_total_energy_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of northward total energy flux

    short_name :

    p76.162

    units :

    W m**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_northward_water_vapour_flux
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of northward water vapour flux

    short_name :

    p72.162

    units :

    kg m**-1 s**-1

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_potential_and_internal_energy
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of potential+internal energy

    short_name :

    p61.162

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_potential_internal_and_latent_energy
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of potential+internal+latent energy

    short_name :

    p62.162

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_temperature
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of temperature

    short_name :

    p54.162

    units :

    K kg m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_thermal_energy
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of thermal energy

    short_name :

    p60.162

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_integral_of_total_energy
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical integral of total energy

    short_name :

    p63.162

    units :

    J m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertical_velocity
    (time, level, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertical velocity

    short_name :

    w

    standard_name :

    lagrangian_tendency_of_air_pressure

    units :

    Pa s**-1

    [41866994776320 values with dtype=float32]

  • vertically_integrated_moisture_divergence
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Vertically integrated moisture divergence

    short_name :

    vimd

    units :

    kg m**-2

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • volumetric_soil_water_layer_1
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Volumetric soil water layer 1

    short_name :

    swvl1

    units :

    m**3 m**-3

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • volumetric_soil_water_layer_2
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Volumetric soil water layer 2

    short_name :

    swvl2

    units :

    m**3 m**-3

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • volumetric_soil_water_layer_3
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Volumetric soil water layer 3

    short_name :

    swvl3

    units :

    m**3 m**-3

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • volumetric_soil_water_layer_4
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Volumetric soil water layer 4

    short_name :

    swvl4

    units :

    m**3 m**-3

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • wave_spectral_directional_width
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Wave spectral directional width

    short_name :

    wdw

    units :

    radians

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • wave_spectral_directional_width_for_swell
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Wave spectral directional width for swell

    short_name :

    dwps

    units :

    radians

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • wave_spectral_directional_width_for_wind_waves
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Wave spectral directional width for wind waves

    short_name :

    dwww

    units :

    radians

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • wave_spectral_kurtosis
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Wave spectral kurtosis

    short_name :

    wsk

    units :

    dimensionless

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • wave_spectral_peakedness
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Wave spectral peakedness

    short_name :

    wsp

    units :

    dimensionless

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • wave_spectral_skewness
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    Wave Spectral Skewness

    short_name :

    wss

    units :

    dimensionless

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

  • zero_degree_level
    (time, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    ...

    long_name :

    0 degrees C isothermal level (atm)

    short_name :

    deg0l

    units :

    m

    [1131540399360 values with dtype=float32]

• Indexes: (4)
  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([  90.0,  89.75,   89.5,  89.25,   89.0,  88.75,   88.5,  88.25,   88.0,
            87.75,
           ...
           -87.75,  -88.0, -88.25,  -88.5, -88.75,  -89.0, -89.25,  -89.5, -89.75,
            -90.0],
          dtype='float32', name='latitude', length=721))

  • level
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([   1,    2,    3,    5,    7,   10,   20,   30,   50,   70,  100,  125,
            150,  175,  200,  225,  250,  300,  350,  400,  450,  500,  550,  600,
            650,  700,  750,  775,  800,  825,  850,  875,  900,  925,  950,  975,
           1000],
          dtype='int64', name='level'))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([   0.0,   0.25,    0.5,   0.75,    1.0,   1.25,    1.5,   1.75,    2.0,
             2.25,
           ...
            357.5, 357.75,  358.0, 358.25,  358.5, 358.75,  359.0, 359.25,  359.5,
           359.75],
          dtype='float32', name='longitude', length=1440))

  • time
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['1900-01-01 00:00:00', '1900-01-01 01:00:00',
                   '1900-01-01 02:00:00', '1900-01-01 03:00:00',
                   '1900-01-01 04:00:00', '1900-01-01 05:00:00',
                   '1900-01-01 06:00:00', '1900-01-01 07:00:00',
                   '1900-01-01 08:00:00', '1900-01-01 09:00:00',
                   ...
                   '2024-04-30 14:00:00', '2024-04-30 15:00:00',
                   '2024-04-30 16:00:00', '2024-04-30 17:00:00',
                   '2024-04-30 18:00:00', '2024-04-30 19:00:00',
                   '2024-04-30 20:00:00', '2024-04-30 21:00:00',
                   '2024-04-30 22:00:00', '2024-04-30 23:00:00'],
                  dtype='datetime64[ns]', name='time', length=1089864, freq=None))

• Attributes: (0)

Show a demo file.

tmp = ds['10m_u_component_of_wind'].sel(latitude=slice(32, -12), longitude=slice(42, 102), time="2000-07-01")
tmp.isel(time=1).plot()

Create a loop to process netCDF files

These are intermediary monthly files for our daily variables. The zarr file is too big to save all at once.

def download_era5_gc(vars, date_start, date_end, lat1=32, lat2=-12, lon1=42, lon2=102, path='/home/jovyan/shared/data/era5-gc'):
    """
    vars: era5 variables to write
    date_start: formatted as YYYY-MM-DD or numpy.datetime64(
    date_end: formatted as YYYY-MM-DD (right-exclusive)
    """

    fullds = xr.open_zarr(
        'gs://gcp-public-data-arco-era5/ar/full_37-1h-0p25deg-chunk-1.zarr-v3',
        chunks=None,
        storage_options=dict(token='anon'),
    )
    # Slice to lat lon box and time box
    ioera5 = fullds[vars].sel(latitude=slice(lat1, lat2), longitude=slice(lon1, lon2), time=slice(date_start, date_end))
    
    months = pd.date_range(date_start, date_end, freq="ME")
    for month in months:
        print(f'{month.year}-{month.month}', end =", ")
        ds = ioera5.sel(time=month.strftime("%Y-%m"))

        # adding calculated variables (direction and speed)
        ds = ds.assign(wind_speed = np.sqrt(ds['10m_u_component_of_wind']**2 + ds['10m_v_component_of_wind']**2))
        ds = ds.assign(wind_dir = np.rad2deg(np.arctan2(ds['10m_v_component_of_wind'], ds['10m_u_component_of_wind'])))
        # coarsen to daily via mean over the 24 hours; this only works because there are not missing hours
        ds = ds.coarsen(time=24).mean(keep_attrs=True).compute()
        # set to stop warning about serialization due to format of the time element
        ds.time.encoding['units'] = 'minutes since 1900-01-01'

        vars.update({'wind_speed', 'wind_dir'})
        for var in vars:
            # export
            path_var_folder = f'{path}/{var}'
            if not os.path.exists(path_var_folder):
                os.makedirs(path_var_folder)

            sliced_data_file_ptrn = os.path.join(path_var_folder, '{year}{month}.nc')
            export_file = sliced_data_file_ptrn.format(year = month.year, month = "{:02d}".format(month.month))
            ds[var].to_netcdf(export_file)

Run the function to download the data.

iovars = {'2m_temperature', 'sea_surface_temperature', 'total_precipitation', 'total_sky_direct_solar_radiation_at_surface', 'surface_net_solar_radiation', '10m_u_component_of_wind', '10m_v_component_of_wind'}
download_era5_gc(iovars, "1979-01-01", "2024-04-30")

Adding day versus night wind

There is a strong day versus night spatial pattern of wind. We can look at the total solar radiation to see when the sun is strongest. Note that time is UTC and India is +5:30 so the peak is around 1:30-2pm in India. The peak and shape does not shift much as we are close to the equator.

import xarray as xr
ds = xr.open_zarr(
    'gs://gcp-public-data-arco-era5/ar/full_37-1h-0p25deg-chunk-1.zarr-v3',
    chunks=None,
    storage_options=dict(token='anon'),
)
# Slice to lat lon box and time box
ds1 = ds.sel(latitude=slice(32, -12), longitude=slice(42, 102), time="2000-08-12")
ds1['total_sky_direct_solar_radiation_at_surface'].mean(dim=["longitude", "latitude"]).plot()

If we look at the eastward wind, we see the day versus night difference and in particular the coastal winds off the southwest coast of India. Though shown for 2020, these winter and spring diurnal wind patterns are consistent across years. During the summer monsoon, the winds are very strong and we do not see the diurnal pattern.

ds1 = ds['10m_u_component_of_wind'].sel(latitude=slice(32, -12), longitude=slice(42, 102), time="2020-12-01").coarsen(time=8).mean()
ds1.plot(x="longitude", y="latitude", col="time", col_wrap=3)

ds1 = ds['10m_u_component_of_wind'].sel(latitude=slice(32, -12), longitude=slice(42, 102), time="2020-03-12").coarsen(time=8).mean()
ds1.plot(x="longitude", y="latitude", col="time", col_wrap=3)

ds1 = ds['10m_u_component_of_wind'].sel(latitude=slice(32, -12), longitude=slice(42, 102), time="2020-07-12").coarsen(time=8).mean()
ds1.plot(x="longitude", y="latitude", col="time", col_wrap=3)

## Function to get winds at each 8hr block
def download_era5_gc_winds(date_start, date_end, lat1=32, lat2=-12, lon1=42, lon2=102, path='/home/jovyan/shared/data/era5-gc'):
    """
    vars: era5 variables to write
    date_start: formatted as YYYY-MM-DD or numpy.datetime64(
    date_end: formatted as YYYY-MM-DD (right-exclusive)
    """

    fullds = xr.open_zarr(
        'gs://gcp-public-data-arco-era5/ar/full_37-1h-0p25deg-chunk-1.zarr-v3',
        chunks=None,
        storage_options=dict(token='anon'),
    )
    # Slice to lat lon box and time box
    vars = {'10m_u_component_of_wind', '10m_v_component_of_wind'}
    ioera5 = fullds[vars].sel(latitude=slice(lat1, lat2), longitude=slice(lon1, lon2), time=slice(date_start, date_end))
    
    months = pd.date_range(date_start, date_end, freq="ME")
    for month in months:
        print(f'{month.year}-{month.month}', end =", ")
        ds = ioera5.sel(time=month.strftime("%Y-%m"))

        # adding calculated variables (direction and speed)
        ds = ds.assign(wind_speed = np.sqrt(ds['10m_u_component_of_wind']**2 + ds['10m_v_component_of_wind']**2))
        ds = ds.assign(wind_dir = np.rad2deg(np.arctan2(ds['10m_v_component_of_wind'], ds['10m_u_component_of_wind'])))
        # coarsen to daily via mean over the 24 hours; this only works because there are not missing hours
        ds = ds.coarsen(time=8).mean(keep_attrs=True).compute()
        # set to stop warning about serialization due to format of the time element
        ds.time.encoding['units'] = 'minutes since 1900-01-01'

        for var in {'10m_u_component_of_wind', '10m_v_component_of_wind', 'wind_speed', 'wind_dir'}:
            for hr in {3, 11, 19}:
                path_var_folder = f'{path}/{var}_hr{hr}UTC'
                if not os.path.exists(path_var_folder):
                    os.makedirs(path_var_folder)
                sliced_data_file_ptrn = os.path.join(path_var_folder, '{year}{month}.nc')
                export_file = sliced_data_file_ptrn.format(year = month.year, month = "{:02d}".format(month.month))
                ds[var].isel(time=(ds.time.dt.hour == hr)).to_netcdf(export_file)

# Get the data
download_era5_gc_winds(ioera5.time.min().to_pandas(), ioera5.time.max().to_pandas())

# Get the data
download_era5_gc_winds("1979-01-01", "1999-12-31")

Variables

name	short name	units	docs
100m_u_component_of_wind	u100	m s**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228246
100m_v_component_of_wind	v100	m s**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228247
10m_u_component_of_neutral_wind	u10n	m s**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228131
10m_u_component_of_wind	u10	m s**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/165
10m_v_component_of_neutral_wind	v10n	m s**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228132
10m_v_component_of_wind	v10	m s**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/166
10m_wind_gust_since_previous_post_processing	fg10	m s**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/175049
2m_dewpoint_temperature	d2m	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/500018
2m_temperature	t2m	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/500013
air_density_over_the_oceans	p140209	kg m**-3	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140209
angle_of_sub_gridscale_orography	anor	radians	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162
anisotropy_of_sub_gridscale_orography	isor	~	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/161
benjamin_feir_index	bfi	dimensionless	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140253
boundary_layer_dissipation	bld	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/145
boundary_layer_height	blh	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/159
charnock	chnk	~	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/148
clear_sky_direct_solar_radiation_at_surface	cdir	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228022
cloud_base_height	cbh	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228023
coefficient_of_drag_with_waves	cdww	dimensionless	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140233
convective_available_potential_energy	cape	J kg**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/59
convective_inhibition	cin	J kg**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228001
convective_precipitation	cp	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228143
convective_rain_rate	crr	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228218
convective_snowfall	csf	m of water equivalent	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/239
convective_snowfall_rate_water_equivalent	csfr	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228220
downward_uv_radiation_at_the_surface	uvb	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/57
duct_base_height	dctb	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228017
eastward_gravity_wave_surface_stress	lgws	N m**-2 s	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/195
eastward_turbulent_surface_stress	ewss	N m**-2 s	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/180
evaporation	e	m of water equivalent	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/182
forecast_albedo	fal	(0 - 1)	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/243
forecast_logarithm_of_surface_roughness_for_heat	flsr	~	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/245
forecast_surface_roughness	fsr	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/244
fraction_of_cloud_cover	cc	(0 - 1)	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/248
free_convective_velocity_over_the_oceans	p140208	m s**-1
friction_velocity	zust	m s**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228003
geopotential_at_surface	z	m2 s-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/129
gravity_wave_dissipation	gwd	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/197
high_cloud_cover	hcc	(0 - 1)	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/3075
high_vegetation_cover	cvh	(0 - 1)	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/28
ice_temperature_layer_1	istl1	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/35
ice_temperature_layer_2	istl2	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/36
ice_temperature_layer_3	istl3	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/37
ice_temperature_layer_4	istl4	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/38
instantaneous_10m_wind_gust	i10fg	m s**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228029
instantaneous_eastward_turbulent_surface_stress	iews	N m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/229
instantaneous_large_scale_surface_precipitation_fraction	ilspf	(0 - 1)	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228217
instantaneous_moisture_flux	ie	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/232
instantaneous_northward_turbulent_surface_stress	inss	N m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/230
instantaneous_surface_sensible_heat_flux	ishf	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/231
k_index	kx	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/260121
lake_bottom_temperature	lblt	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228010
lake_cover	cl	(0 - 1)	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/26
lake_depth	dl	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228007
lake_ice_depth	licd	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228014
lake_ice_temperature	lict	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228013
lake_mix_layer_depth	lmld	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228009
lake_mix_layer_temperature	lmlt	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228008
lake_shape_factor	lshf	dimensionless	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228012
lake_total_layer_temperature	ltlt	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228011
land_sea_mask	lsm	(0 - 1)	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/172
large_scale_precipitation	lsp	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/3062
large_scale_precipitation_fraction	lspf	s	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/50
large_scale_rain_rate	lsrr	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228219
large_scale_snowfall	lsf	m of water equivalent	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/240
large_scale_snowfall_rate_water_equivalent	lssfr	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228221
leaf_area_index_high_vegetation	lai_hv	m2 m-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/67
leaf_area_index_low_vegetation	lai_lv	m2 m-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/66
low_cloud_cover	lcc	(0 - 1)	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/3073
low_vegetation_cover	cvl	(0 - 1)	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/27
maximum_2m_temperature_since_previous_post_processing	mx2t	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/201
maximum_individual_wave_height	hmax	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140218
maximum_total_precipitation_rate_since_previous_post_processing	mxtpr	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228226
mean_boundary_layer_dissipation	mbld	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235032
mean_convective_precipitation_rate	mcpr	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235030
mean_convective_snowfall_rate	mcsr	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235056
mean_direction_of_total_swell	mdts	degrees	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140238
mean_direction_of_wind_waves	mdww	degrees	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/500072
mean_eastward_gravity_wave_surface_stress	megwss	N m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235045
mean_eastward_turbulent_surface_stress	metss	N m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235041
mean_evaporation_rate	mer	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235043
mean_gravity_wave_dissipation	mgwd	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235047
mean_large_scale_precipitation_fraction	mlspf	Proportion	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235026
mean_large_scale_precipitation_rate	mlspr	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235029
mean_large_scale_snowfall_rate	mlssr	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235057
mean_northward_gravity_wave_surface_stress	mngwss	N m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235046
mean_northward_turbulent_surface_stress	mntss	N m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235042
mean_period_of_total_swell	mpts	s	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140239
mean_period_of_wind_waves	mpww	s	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/500074
mean_potential_evaporation_rate	mper	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235070
mean_runoff_rate	mror	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235048
mean_sea_level_pressure	msl	Pa	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/151
mean_snow_evaporation_rate	mser	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235023
mean_snowfall_rate	msr	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235031
mean_snowmelt_rate	msmr	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235024
mean_square_slope_of_waves	msqs	dimensionless	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140244
mean_sub_surface_runoff_rate	mssror	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235021
mean_surface_direct_short_wave_radiation_flux	msdrswrf	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235058
mean_surface_direct_short_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky	msdrswrfcs	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235059
mean_surface_downward_long_wave_radiation_flux	msdwlwrf	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235036
mean_surface_downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky	msdwlwrfcs	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235069
mean_surface_downward_short_wave_radiation_flux	msdwswrf	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235035
mean_surface_downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky	msdwswrfcs	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235068
mean_surface_downward_uv_radiation_flux	msdwuvrf	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235027
mean_surface_latent_heat_flux	mslhf	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235034
mean_surface_net_long_wave_radiation_flux	msnlwrf	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235038
mean_surface_net_long_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky	msnlwrfcs	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235052
mean_surface_net_short_wave_radiation_flux	msnswrf	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235037
mean_surface_net_short_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky	msnswrfcs	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235051
mean_surface_runoff_rate	msror	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235020
mean_surface_sensible_heat_flux	msshf	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235033
mean_top_downward_short_wave_radiation_flux	mtdwswrf	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235053
mean_top_net_long_wave_radiation_flux	mtnlwrf	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235040
mean_top_net_long_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky	mtnlwrfcs	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235050
mean_top_net_short_wave_radiation_flux	mtnswrf	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235039
mean_top_net_short_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky	mtnswrfcs	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235049
mean_total_precipitation_rate	mtpr	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235055
mean_vertical_gradient_of_refractivity_inside_trapping_layer	dndza	m**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228016
mean_vertically_integrated_moisture_divergence	mvimd	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235054
mean_wave_direction	mwd	Degree true	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/500185
mean_wave_direction_of_first_swell_partition	p140122	degrees	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140122
mean_wave_direction_of_second_swell_partition	p140125	degrees	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140125
mean_wave_direction_of_third_swell_partition	p140128	degrees	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140128
mean_wave_period	mwp	s	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140232
mean_wave_period_based_on_first_moment	mp1	s	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140220
mean_wave_period_based_on_first_moment_for_swell	p1ps	s	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140226
mean_wave_period_based_on_first_moment_for_wind_waves	p1ww	s	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140223
mean_wave_period_based_on_second_moment_for_swell	p2ps	s	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140227
mean_wave_period_based_on_second_moment_for_wind_waves	p2ww	s	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140224
mean_wave_period_of_first_swell_partition	p140123	s	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140123
mean_wave_period_of_second_swell_partition	p140126	s	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140126
mean_wave_period_of_third_swell_partition	p140129	s	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140129
mean_zero_crossing_wave_period	mp2	s	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140221
medium_cloud_cover	mcc	(0 - 1)	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/3074
minimum_2m_temperature_since_previous_post_processing	mn2t	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/202
minimum_total_precipitation_rate_since_previous_post_processing	mntpr	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228227
minimum_vertical_gradient_of_refractivity_inside_trapping_layer	dndzn	m**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228015
model_bathymetry	wmb	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140219
near_ir_albedo_for_diffuse_radiation	alnid	(0 - 1)	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/18
near_ir_albedo_for_direct_radiation	alnip	(0 - 1)	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/17
normalized_energy_flux_into_ocean	phioc	dimensionless	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140212
normalized_energy_flux_into_waves	phiaw	dimensionless	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140211
normalized_stress_into_ocean	tauoc	dimensionless	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140214
northward_gravity_wave_surface_stress	mgws	N m**-2 s	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/196
northward_turbulent_surface_stress	nsss	N m**-2 s	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/181
ocean_surface_stress_equivalent_10m_neutral_wind_direction	dwi	degrees	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140249
ocean_surface_stress_equivalent_10m_neutral_wind_speed	wind	m s**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140245
ozone_mass_mixing_ratio	o3	kg kg**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/500242
peak_wave_period	pp1d	s	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/500190
period_corresponding_to_maximum_individual_wave_height	tmax	s	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140217
potential_evaporation	pev	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228251
potential_vorticity	pv	K m2 kg-1 s**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/60
precipitation_type	ptype	code table (4.201)	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/260015
runoff	ro	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228205
sea_ice_cover	siconc	(0 - 1)	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/262001
sea_surface_temperature	sst	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/151159
significant_height_of_combined_wind_waves_and_swell	swh	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/500071
significant_height_of_total_swell	shts	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140237
significant_height_of_wind_waves	shww	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/500073
significant_wave_height_of_first_swell_partition	p140121	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140121
significant_wave_height_of_second_swell_partition	p140124	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140124
significant_wave_height_of_third_swell_partition	p140127	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140127
skin_reservoir_content	src	m of water equivalent	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/198
skin_temperature	skt	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/235
slope_of_sub_gridscale_orography	slor	~	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/163
snow_albedo	asn	(0 - 1)	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228032
snow_density	rsn	kg m**-3	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/33
snow_depth	sd	m of water equivalent	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228141
snow_evaporation	es	m of water equivalent	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/44
snowfall	sf	m of water equivalent	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228144
snowmelt	smlt	m of water equivalent	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/45
soil_temperature_level_1	stl1	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/139
soil_temperature_level_2	stl2	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/170
soil_temperature_level_3	stl3	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/183
soil_temperature_level_4	stl4	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/236
soil_type	slt	~	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/43
specific_cloud_ice_water_content	ciwc	kg kg**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/247
specific_cloud_liquid_water_content	clwc	kg kg**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/246
specific_humidity	q	kg kg**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/133
standard_deviation_of_filtered_subgrid_orography	sdfor	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/74
standard_deviation_of_orography	sdor	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/160
sub_surface_runoff	ssro	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/9
surface_latent_heat_flux	slhf	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/147
surface_net_solar_radiation	ssr	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/180176
surface_net_solar_radiation_clear_sky	ssrc	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/210
surface_net_thermal_radiation	str	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/180177
surface_net_thermal_radiation_clear_sky	strc	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/211
surface_pressure	sp	Pa	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/500026
surface_runoff	sro	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/174008
surface_sensible_heat_flux	sshf	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/146
surface_solar_radiation_downward_clear_sky	ssrdc	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228129
surface_solar_radiation_downwards	ssrd	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/169
surface_thermal_radiation_downward_clear_sky	strdc	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228130
surface_thermal_radiation_downwards	strd	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/175
temperature	t	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/500014
temperature_of_snow_layer	tsn	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/238
toa_incident_solar_radiation	tisr	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/212
top_net_solar_radiation	tsr	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/180178
top_net_solar_radiation_clear_sky	tsrc	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/208
top_net_thermal_radiation	ttr	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/180179
top_net_thermal_radiation_clear_sky	ttrc	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/209
total_cloud_cover	tcc	(0 - 1)	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228164
total_column_cloud_ice_water	tciw	kg m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/79
total_column_cloud_liquid_water	tclw	kg m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/78
total_column_ozone	tco3	kg m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/206
total_column_rain_water	tcrw	kg m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228089
total_column_snow_water	tcsw	kg m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228090
total_column_supercooled_liquid_water	tcslw	kg m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228088
total_column_water	tcw	kg m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/136
total_column_water_vapour	tcwv	kg m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/137
total_precipitation	tp	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228228
total_sky_direct_solar_radiation_at_surface	fdir	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228021
total_totals_index	totalx	K	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/260123
trapping_layer_base_height	tplb	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228018
trapping_layer_top_height	tplt	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228019
type_of_high_vegetation	tvh	~	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/30
type_of_low_vegetation	tvl	~	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/29
u_component_of_wind	u	m s**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/500028
u_component_stokes_drift	ust	m s**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140215
uv_visible_albedo_for_diffuse_radiation	aluvd	(0 - 1)	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/16
uv_visible_albedo_for_direct_radiation	aluvp	(0 - 1)	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/15
v_component_of_wind	v	m s**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/500030
v_component_stokes_drift	vst	m s**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140216
vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_cloud_frozen_water_flux	p80.162	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162057
vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_cloud_liquid_water_flux	p79.162	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162056
vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_geopotential_flux	p85.162	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162085
vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_kinetic_energy_flux	p82.162	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162082
vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_mass_flux	p81.162	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162081
vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_moisture_flux	p84.162	kg m-2 s-1
vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_ozone_flux	p87.162	kg m-2 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162087
vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_thermal_energy_flux	p83.162	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162083
vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_total_energy_flux	p86.162	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162086
vertical_integral_of_eastward_cloud_frozen_water_flux	p90.162	kg m-1 s-1
vertical_integral_of_eastward_cloud_liquid_water_flux	p88.162	kg m-1 s-1
vertical_integral_of_eastward_geopotential_flux	p73.162	W m**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162073
vertical_integral_of_eastward_heat_flux	p69.162	W m**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162069
vertical_integral_of_eastward_kinetic_energy_flux	p67.162	W m**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162067
vertical_integral_of_eastward_mass_flux	p65.162	kg m-1 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162065
vertical_integral_of_eastward_ozone_flux	p77.162	kg m-1 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162077
vertical_integral_of_eastward_total_energy_flux	p75.162	W m**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162075
vertical_integral_of_eastward_water_vapour_flux	p71.162	kg m-1 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162071
vertical_integral_of_energy_conversion	p64.162	W m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162064
vertical_integral_of_kinetic_energy	p59.162	J m**-2
vertical_integral_of_mass_of_atmosphere	p53.162	kg m**-2
vertical_integral_of_mass_tendency	p92.162	kg m-2 s-1
vertical_integral_of_northward_cloud_frozen_water_flux	p91.162	kg m-1 s-1
vertical_integral_of_northward_cloud_liquid_water_flux	p89.162	kg m-1 s-1
vertical_integral_of_northward_geopotential_flux	p74.162	W m**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162074
vertical_integral_of_northward_heat_flux	p70.162	W m**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162070
vertical_integral_of_northward_kinetic_energy_flux	p68.162	W m**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162068
vertical_integral_of_northward_mass_flux	p66.162	kg m-1 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162066
vertical_integral_of_northward_ozone_flux	p78.162	kg m-1 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162078
vertical_integral_of_northward_total_energy_flux	p76.162	W m**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162076
vertical_integral_of_northward_water_vapour_flux	p72.162	kg m-1 s-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162072
vertical_integral_of_potential_and_internal_energy	p61.162	J m**-2
vertical_integral_of_potential_internal_and_latent_energy	p62.162	J m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162062
vertical_integral_of_temperature	p54.162	K kg m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/162054
vertical_integral_of_thermal_energy	p60.162	J m**-2
vertical_integral_of_total_energy	p63.162	J m**-2
vertical_velocity	w	Pa s**-1	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/500032
vertically_integrated_moisture_divergence	vimd	kg m**-2	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/213
volumetric_soil_water_layer_1	swvl1	m3 m-3	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/39
volumetric_soil_water_layer_2	swvl2	m3 m-3	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/40
volumetric_soil_water_layer_3	swvl3	m3 m-3	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/41
volumetric_soil_water_layer_4	swvl4	m3 m-3	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/42
wave_spectral_directional_width	wdw	radians	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140222
wave_spectral_directional_width_for_swell	dwps	radians	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140228
wave_spectral_directional_width_for_wind_waves	dwww	radians	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140225
wave_spectral_kurtosis	wsk	dimensionless	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140252
wave_spectral_peakedness	wsp	dimensionless	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140254
wave_spectral_skewness	wss	dimensionless	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/140207
zero_degree_level	deg0l	m	https://codes.ecmwf.int/grib/param-db/228024